Friday, November 23, 2012

CHANDIGARH AND LE CORBUSIER (I)


ESPAÑOL

Chandigarh is an atypical city in India, unlike the typical urban maze that characterizes cities in neighboring provinces. It is a city full of gardens and parks, wide roads, modern architecture. Chandigarh was the only urban project executed by Le Corbusier, the most influential master of modern architecture, who put all his  effort, heart and soul, in order to fulfill it, from 1951 until his death in 1965. Chandigarh is an impressive legacy of urbanism, landscape design, architecture, sculpture, painting and interior design of the prolific Swiss master has left;  it is an exceptional, utopian city, which remarkable architecture made it a candidate to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO .

This article, dedicated to the work of Le Corbusier in India, will be divided into two parts. In the first one, I will discuss the history of Chandigarh, its birth as a city, Le Corbusier's involvement and the major aspects of its urban proposal. In the next post, we will review the main exponents of Corbusian architecture in Chandigarh, especially on the Capitol.

A mixed-use blocks decorated with a mosaic of Le Corbusier. Photo C. Zeballos

WHY CHANDIGARH?

The Mongol invasions from the 15th century left not only beautiful architectural jewels such as the Taj Mahal and Jaisalmer, but fundamentally a strong Muslim presence in northern India, a predominantly Hindu country. For this reason, after its independence from the British in 1947 , and to the dismay of Gandhi, the country was divided into two, and Pakistan  was born as Muslim country to the northwest and northeast of Hindu India (later the northeast part also become independent of Pakistan, giving rise to Bangladesh).

Perhaps the most traumatic effect of this division was the fracture of the Punjab province in India, whose historic capital Lahore, was ceded to Pakistan. In addition, the Indian cities of the province became increasingly overcrowded by millions of refugees coming from the north, and the religious-political frictions between the two countries had already left a horrific toll of half a million dead.



In this dramatic context, Prime Minister Nehru decided in 1947 to create a new capital for the Punjab and Haryana provinces, and called it Chandigarh  (चंडीगढ़), meaning "Chandi Fortress", in honor of a fortress temple dedicated to Goddess Chandi that was located nearby.

Monument to Peace,  at the entrance of the waterfront park at Sukhna Lake. More than the shape of the monument, I was interested in the inscription it houses: "Chandigarh, the City of Peace. Let's strive for: community harmony, cultural diversity, rejection of violence, resolution of conflict, reconciliation of differences, freedom of expression." In an area of continuous religious political frictions that aspiration takes on particular significance. Photo C. Zeballos
WHY LE CORBUSIER?

When India became independent, it was found that there were native no trained professionals on city planning. Some nationalists suggested that the city should be based on the Mansara Shilpa Shastras, some ancient architectural treatises over 3000 years old, while others suggested to hire a foreign western professional in order to create a city as a symbol of the future.
The commission would be given to American architects Matthew Nowicki, and Albert Mayer, who produced a picturesque fan-shaped proposal, borrowing ideas from the Ebenezer Howard's Garden City. However. Nowicki tragically perished in a plane crash and, following Mayer's resignation, the task fell to the hands of the famous Swiss architect Le Corbusier.

Mayer first urban plan, Museum of the City of Chandigarh.
Photo C. Zeballos (distorted by the lens angle)

For his part, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (Le Corbusier, 1887-1965), was opposed to the Howard's concept of Garden City and sharply criticized the concept of the American suburb, which he called "the organized slavery of capitalist society, that leads to isolated individualism and to the destruction of the collective spirit. " Influential self-taught architect, Le Corbusier had developed new concepts of architecture that was implemented in various housing, institutional and religious projects. His ideas about urbanism have been equally influential, mainly based on the decongestion and densification of urban centers, providing fast vehicular routes and increasing green areas, and they were mainly discussed at the International Congress of Modern Architecture, CIAM. However, Le Corbusier had not had a chance to implement them.

Le Corbusier in Chandigarh. Photo Courtesy of Chandigarh, The City Beautiful

The vision of the Swiss master perfectly matched Nehru's ambitions of a modern India , and for that reason he was very well welcomed. In 1951 Le Corbusier assumed the role of "spiritual director" of the project and called for a team composed of his French cousin Pierre Jeanerette , the Englishmen Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew and about twenty enthusiastic young Indian architects, who developed a new project , abandoning the one made by Mayer.

The project team: Le Corbusier, Jeanerette, Fry and Drew. Photo Courtesy of Chandigarh, The City Beautiful

PROPOSAL

The plan, conceived for a city of 500,000, is based on a rectangular grid adapted to field conditions. The basic unit was the "Sector", conceived as self-sufficient and introverted, subdivided into neighborhood units of about 150 families.

One of the sectors in which the city was divided.


These sectors were linked by a network of streets called "the 7Vs". The "Vs" are pathways hierarchically organized  according to the intensity of the traffic flow that they support. Thus, V1 are national roads; V2 conduce to the special facilities; V3 are high speed avenues that cross the city leading to the local equipment V4, V5 are  neighborhood ways, the V6, domestic paths, the  V7 are pedestrian paths and the V8, subsequently added, are bikeways (Le Corbusier joked: "the 7Vs that are actually 8").

Each 1200 * 800 meters sector is linked to a V2 or V3 high-speed way. It is crossed from east to west by a V4 shopping street, which connects to other adjacent sectors, and to a V5 neighborhood way from north to south. V7 walkways connect to the fringes of parks and green areas.

Plan of Chandigarh by Le Corbusier.
Photo C. Zeballos (distorted by the lens angle)

Based on 4 main functions (living, working, moving and keeping a healthy body and spirit), the Corbusian proposal  makes an analogy between Chandigarh and the human body: the head is the Capitol (Sector 1), the heart the Central Area (Sector 17), the lungs were the Leisure Valley, parks and green areas, the brain, the universities and schools, the circulatory system were 7Vs ways and the digestive system, the industry.


THE CAPITOL.

Located in the far north, is the most important monument area and contains the most representative buildings of the city. Because of its importance we will discuss it in the next post.



THE CENTRAL AREA.

Located at the junction of two main V2 roads, it is divided into two areas: the southern area is designated for the administration  and the northern sector for civic functions. This distribution separates the pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

One of the mixed-use blocks in the central area. Photo  C. Zeballos

It consists of a series of concrete blocks of 4 levels, arranged along four pedestrian ways that converge in a square or chowk, where are the most important civic and commercial buildings are located (in this blog have commented in other cases of  chowks in Bhakdapur Darbar in Nepal and in Jaisalmer , India).
As for the landscaping, the space includes pools designed by M. Sharman and the vegetation, that in summer months is essential.

Ornamental fountain in the central square or chowk. Photo C. Zeballos

CULTURAL COMPLEX

Located at the junction of two V2 boulevards, is composed of a Museum, whose architecture will also be discussed in the next post.

Museum of Fine Arts, University of Punjab. Photo courtesy of Shub Shign

LEISURE VALLEY.

The Vallée des loisirs is a huge linear park that runs throughout the city and it is conceived as a more informal cultural and recreational area, in which Le Corbusier included outdoor theaters, monuments and other landscape design features.

One of several city parks. Photo C. Zeballos

The Sukhna Lake.

This huge reservoir of water located in Sector 1 was designed as a haven away from the noise of the city, in which Le Corbusier dreamed to contemplate the reflection of the Himalayas. Accompanying the lake is a nice, 25 m wide and 5 km long grove, which is usually very popular with families on weekends.

"Love is in the air" in the Sukhna Lake photo courtesy of babasteve.
The grrove in the lakefront. Curiously, access to this viewpoint cylindrical on the lake was closed because it had lately become a popular place for suicide. Photo C. Zeballos

CRITICISM

In his book "Urban Planning in the Third World. The Chandigarh Experience" (1982), Madhu Sarin presents a sharp critique of the project for this city. Sarin  presents Le Corbusier as proud and arrogant, more focused on applying the CIAM abstract models than to address the specific problems of the Indian population for which the city was designed.  He accuses Le Corbusier of having rejected previous studies have favored a formalistic and aesthetic conception, without social or cultural considerations. Sarin explains in detail the numerous contradictions presented in the model, such as the system of land tenure, the informal occupation of peripheral sectors and the incompatibility problems of commercial and housing uses, which mainly affect the poorest.
In a similar vein, Ravi Kalia in his book "Chandigarh, The making of an Indian city" (1987), states that Chandigarh was a city "designed, but not planned", because it focused on the physical-spatial design of its urban fabric, but not considered issues such as productivity, reducing social tensions, economic integration of social classes and regional integration.
I must agree with Sarin on something, that Chandigarh is a city for the car, and walking around, especially in summer, is a torture. The Capitol monumental area is so far from the center that its access is often difficult for the city's population. Furthermore, although the physical structure of the city has remained, the original approach of separation of functions has proved unhelpful and unsuitable to Indian culture, and as a consequence in many parts of the city the original use has been varied, incorporating, for example, open markets.

Use in some blocks have been modified. C. Photo Zeballos

However, the socioeconomic figures show Chandigarh as an emerging city with the highest income per capita and the highest Human Development Index in the country. It is also, since July 2007, the first "smoke-free city" in India. This coincides with my overall impression, reinforced by interviews I conducted to the local people of various social levels. The consensus is that Chandigarh is an organized, efficient and very special city,  in which their inhabitants live proudly, with a superior quality of life than neighboring cities. Not to mention the aesthetic richness of its architecture, not only the Corbusian one, but the one developed by Indian architects and designers in subsequent years.

In any case, it is always interesting to compare opinions of Indian experts who know more deeply about their reality and problems, specially because Western literature has tended to discuss superficially on Chandigarh, almost worshiping the work of Le Corbusier which, while plausible in many respects, has left other serious questions unsolved.

In the next post we will discuss:
  • The Legislature
  • The Supreme Court
  • The Secretariat
  • Open Hand Monument

Girl in Chandigarh. Photo courtesy of Steve baba

SEE ALSO:
- ENVIRONMENTAL URBAN PLANNING.
  • Coming soon

Standing next to my cordial host Varun Sengal , who very kindly and without knowing me previously, he accompanied me on a tour around the city. 

184 comments:

  1. Amazing blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything.

    ReplyDelete
  2. I find many useful things herewith. It is really amazing for us. Where ever we are, just click on the website and Take advantages .Your article impressed me very heartily. From a last decade I was searching such type of web site. Thanks for giving me a space in your blog. I refer this to my close friends who are already seeking for the same .thanks again guys…
    web designing chandigarh

    ReplyDelete
  3. Thanks a lot for your comments. Best regards.

    ReplyDelete
  4. Even I believe neat and clean website with less images and more space looks good. It gives the desired message to the visitor.Great examples of the great photo use on the web.

    ReplyDelete
  5. hats off to " Le Corbusier" for masking such a wonderful "City Beautiful"

    ReplyDelete
  6. when you discuss


    The Legislature
    The Supreme Court
    The Secretariat
    Open Hand Monument

    ReplyDelete
  7. Will, this is an excellent blog. I am glad that I read it this morning, because the issues that are important to work collaboratively.
    Web design training chandigarh

    ReplyDelete
  8. A good website is very important in promoting anything. If you can't make or design your own website, then I suggest if you ask a T&T Web Services to help you. If you have money or a good budget, then there is no reason for you to have a low quality site.

    ReplyDelete
  9. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  10. Good car rental service agencies offer latest models of vehicles. From vans, shuttles, buses, you get a wide number of options to choose from. taxi delhi to jalandhar

    ReplyDelete
  11. I would like to say this is an excellent blog!!! that I have ever come across. Very informative.Social Media Marketing Chandigarh These are really amazing. I appreciate it for sharing them.

    ReplyDelete
  12. I really grateful to this blog.Because this blog well providing the actual and all the things about Chandigarh city and also the process of web design business in this city.
    Web Development Company | Web Design Company

    ReplyDelete
  13. I born and brought up in Chandigarh, Love Chandigarh from the bottom of my heart, Thanks for publishing this blog
    Learn French in chandigarh

    ReplyDelete
  14. Hi
    It has been some time since I visited website with such high quality information about regarding . Thank you so much for providing such helpful information

    ReplyDelete
  15. Very glad to getting this kind of useful information regarding the details of Chandigarh.Its really interesting.
    Website Design Company London | Web Design London

    ReplyDelete
  16. Attractive place of material. I just came upon your web page and in accession financial investment to declare that I get actually knowledgeable concern your sites.

    Responsive Web Design Company in Bangalore | Responsive Website Design in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  17. Nice information posted here. One can find best it park in nagpur. Thanks for sharing.

    ReplyDelete
  18. Lovely pictures. Thanks for sharing the complete guide of Chandigarh. Chandigarh's legacy is not defined by the eras that have passed it by, but by its domestic architecture. Check out direct Bangalore to Chandigarh flights also.

    ReplyDelete
  19. I would like to say this is an excellent blog!!! that I have ever come across.
    ----
    facebook movil and facebook movil gratis and apply facebook iniciar sesion celular

    ReplyDelete
  20. Hello,
    Thanks For your information. You explains superb and your information is useful.web designing industrial training in Chandigarh

    ReplyDelete
  21. Very informative and nicely described information about Chandigarh .

    ReplyDelete
  22. Thanks for taking the time to discuss this, I feel strongly that love and read more on this topic. If possible, such as gain knowledge, would you mind updating your blog with additional information? It is very useful for me.
    wordpress web design

    ReplyDelete
  23. Great information about le corbusier Creator of Chandigarh
    Preschool Franchise In India

    ReplyDelete
  24. Adding a tint of power to the factor of attractiveness between two people is known as vashikaran. This is a formula, which is used by people to attract others in the positive sense. Practitioners of vashikaran mantra are highly accomplished people, who can easily bring about a feeling of belongingness in individuals. In cases of love matters, where both the partners are not having good terms or fail to get attracted,astrologer in bathinda ,astrologer in phagwara , Best astrologer in Ajmer,best astrologer in ambala,best astrologer in chhattisgarh can add spice to life. By the efforts of the specialist, people will be able to attract specially those, who they want to have as life partners or lovers.

    ReplyDelete
  25. Adding a tint of power to the factor of attractiveness between two people is known as vashikaran. This is a formula, which is used by people to attract others in the positive sense. Practitioners of vashikaran mantra are highly accomplished people, who can easily bring about a feeling of belongingness in individuals. In cases of love matters, where both the partners are not having good terms or fail to get attracted best astrologer in ambala can add spice to life. By the efforts of the specialist, people will be able to attract specially those, who they want to have as life partners or lovers.

    ReplyDelete
  26. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  27. Thanks for sharing amazing information !!!!!!
    Please keep up sharing.

    ReplyDelete
  28. DABBL is a leading bathroom shower manufacturer of the many range of corner, quadrant, walk in, frameless glass shower enclosures, shower door, shower cubicle, screen, cabinet and many more with top quality and great design shower products Enquiry at sale2@dabbl.com more information visit here Shower Cubicle, Shower Enclosures, Glass Shower Doors, Shower Screen, Tray

    ReplyDelete
  29. Very nice blog!
    Glad to visit this blog. Very Informative blog!
    We can search for Aesthetic Training Courses in India and review instantly on

    ReplyDelete
  30. I Have Read Your Blog
    Thanks For Providing The Use Full Information i'm Waiting To Your Next Blog.
    If You Can Read More About Aesthetic Training Courses Then You Can Visit This Link.

    ReplyDelete
  31. Awesome blog on astrology thanks for share … Nice Post !! your writing skills is very unique and informative..Keep updating more information from your blog...I will be waiting for your next post...Best astrologer in India

    ReplyDelete
  32. hi,

    This blog is absolutely fantastic. Lots of great information and inspiration. Thanks for such a continuous great postings.

    Creative Graphic Design

    ReplyDelete
  33. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  34. Hi, Very nice blog, I show your every update and I get new thing always. Thanks for share these. I learned many things from your blog. keep it up.
    Learn French in kharar

    ReplyDelete
  35. Truly considerable bit of information allocated by you. Without a doubt this might turn out to be beneficial for a gamut of seekers and casual blog browsers. Keep blogging.
    English practice App | English speaking app

    ReplyDelete
  36. Thank you for your blog article.Really looking forward to read more. Will read on…
    We are a Mobile App Development Company providing breaking coverage for mobile app development. For any assistance do contact us.

    ReplyDelete
  37. This article, dedicated to the work of Le Corbusier in India, will be divided into two parts. In the first one, I will discuss the history of Chandigarh, its birth as a city, Le Corbusier's involvement and the major aspects of its urban proposal. In the next post, we will review the main exponents of Corbusian architecture in Chandigarh, especially on the Capitol. خيام جاهزة للبيع | خيم عزاء | اسعار الخيام الثابته | خيام للايجار بالدمام | اسعار الخيام في السعودية

    ReplyDelete
  38. Looking forward for more such articles. Moreover, the article was a good read! You would also like to visit AstroTalk for Online Astrology Consultation.

    ReplyDelete
  39. Fantastic blog! Do you have any helpful hints for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m totally overwhelmed .. Any recommendations? Kudos!


    top software development companies
    custom software development company
    web and mobile app development company

    ReplyDelete
  40. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  41. Open your horoscope (Kundli) and check whether the below combination is there in your horoscope (janamPatri).

    love marriage astrology by date of birth


    ReplyDelete
  42. In order to woo her, one has to get the celestial bodies and their arrangement in place to achieve one’s ambitions and desires in life. The Horoscope of needs to aid one in one’s aspirations.

    govt job prediction by date of birth


    ReplyDelete
  43. In order to woo her, one has to get the celestial bodies and their arrangement in place to achieve one’s ambitions and desires in life. The Horoscope of needs to aid one in one’s aspirations.

    government jobs astrology combination


    ReplyDelete
  44. Before starting off towards the very depth of the topic, one should understand the true meaning of Astrology.

    career astrology by date of birth free


    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Astrology can help us in predicting the best-suited career options which one should select in future,

      online jyotish

      Delete
  45. Our mission is to provide exceptional services at a minimum cost. Get predictions related to love, marriage, career or finance from the comfort of your home with full privacy from Talktoastro experts.

    ReplyDelete
  46. TalktoAstro is a leading astrology prediction platform. Here you can talk to India’s best astrologers, tarot reader, Vastu experts or numerologists over call or order report with just Rs 100

    ReplyDelete
  47. Our mission is to provide exceptional services at a minimum cost. Get predictions related to love, marriage, career or finance from the comfort of your home with full privacy from Talktoastro experts.

    ReplyDelete
  48. Navamsa Chart: Also known as the D9 chart is a person’s spouse, life partner or the energies contributed by their married partner in a person’s life. Navamsa is never read alone, it is always read with respect to, and considering its conjunction with the Rashi/Natal or Birth Chart.

    janampatri online

    ReplyDelete
  49. It is associated with fear of most ghastly results including one’s marriage.


    Free astrology consultation

    ReplyDelete
  50. This happens in most cases if not all. We relate this misfortune or happening as a curse of our fate, destined just imagine a human deed or decision blamed on destiny
    ask free question to astrologer online

    ReplyDelete
  51. I am Priyanka Mathur, B.Tech and M.Tech in Computer Science. I am Engineer by education but a spiritual guide by heart. During my corporate professional career, I worked with multiple MNCs and played various roles from being a software engineer to leading technical teams for successful project delivery of critical projects.

    the best astrologer in india

    ReplyDelete
  52. Divorce affects two (minimum) if the marriage is yet to witness children. Why should the signs of one's planetary chart being allowed to affect or ruin the life of other(s)? That child and other partner were not destined to live that way.

    moon in 7th house spouse

    ReplyDelete
  53. I am Priyanka Mathur, B.Tech and M.Tech in Computer Science. I am Engineer by education but a spiritual guide by heart. During my corporate professional career, I worked with multiple MNCs and played various roles from being a software engineer to leading technical teams for successful project delivery of critical projects.

    top jyotish in india

    ReplyDelete
  54. TalktoAstro is a leading astrology prediction platform. Here you can talk to India’s best astrologers, tarot reader, Vastu experts or numerologists over call or order report with just Rs 100.

    mars in 3rd house

    ReplyDelete
  55. If we consider ascendant as 1st then 1st, 4th, 7th & 10th houses are called as Kendra Trine or Trikone:

    mars in 4th house

    ReplyDelete
  56. Marriage is a sacramental bond and should be held respectfully by either individual. So please try to focus more on your relation & use the signs as a way to take any precautionary step.

    best astrologer online

    ReplyDelete
  57. mean prediction is something which may need not necessarily come true all the time, isn't it? Moreover, unlike every kundali dosh, there should be some cure or remedial for this as well.

    free astrology predictions

    ReplyDelete
  58. True to the tradition of Hindu Mythology, there are several different accounts of the origin of the Rudraksha tree. One of the accounts is recited in the popular religious text BhagavataPurana wherein after meditating Lord Shiva opened his eyes and tears fell on the earth.

    talk to astrologer for free

    ReplyDelete
  59. then it creates a strong combination for foreign settlement. However, if the 4th house lord is strong and positioned in the 4th house then it creates an obstruction in foreign settlement or foreign travel.

    https://talktoastro.com/article/foreign-settlement-in-astrology

    ReplyDelete
  60. Fixed signs are not helpful in the foreign settlement as these sign resist changes, while the common sign can have short term foreign travel. If 12th house and 9th house are of movable sign then it will support in abroad settlement.

    will i go abroad according to my date of birth

    ReplyDelete
  61. Shani Comte Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade Sati, the term coined by the Rishis, is that the pseudoscience part of seven.5 years that's related to difficulties and challenges within the lifetime of an individual.
    which phase of sade sati is worse

    ReplyDelete
  62. He had been healing & guiding people from all across India and abroad including many corporate & businessmen. His clientele praises him for the solution and accurate guidance for their lives.

    love problem solution baba ji

    ReplyDelete
  63. Vikram Ji has been honored by the Governor of Rajasthan in the Jyotish Sammelan or Astrological Meet. He considers himself as chosen by God for this purpose as he started showing the inclination towards Astrology since childhood

    love marriage specialist

    ReplyDelete
  64. He had been healing & guiding people from all across India and abroad including many corporate & businessmen. His clientele praises him for the solution and accurate guidance for their lives.

    love marriage problm solution baba ji

    ReplyDelete
  65. To sharpen his skills and develop intuitive power to guide people, Vikramji has done Tantric Sadhana for 2 years in isolation from the world. This Tantric sadhana has developed his six sense through which he can read the future of the client accurately.
    best astrologer near me

    ReplyDelete
  66. He has done M. A in Astrology from Maharaja Sanskrit College, Jaipur. He is two times gold medalist in Astrology.
    love problem solution specialist baba ji

    ReplyDelete
  67. This Tantric sadhana has developed his six sense through which he can read the future of the client accurately.

    divorce problem solution baba ji

    ReplyDelete
  68. However, the widespread notion that a Government job is still the surest means of purchasing a secure future for family and oneself is firmly rooted in the minds of the public masses of India.

    government job astrology

    ReplyDelete
  69. With this idea in mind, countless youth in the country compete against insurmountable odds to achieve that coveted position in a Government Department and live out the rest of their lives on the perks that come with such a cushy job.

    will i get a government job astrology free

    ReplyDelete
  70. The Sun, the planets and their respective arrangements and combinations play a vital role in one’s life when it comes to the desired job or position one aspires to achieve, in this case- a good Government job.

    government job prediction in astrology

    ReplyDelete
  71. When it comes to the administrative positions in Government Departments or entities under the control of the Government which happen to be some of the most coveted positions in the sector, the Sun or Saturn aspected by Jupiter which is placed in the 10th, 6th, 11th or 5th House, the combined effect proves to be very strong when it comes to administrative roles in the field of Government jobs.

    check government job in my kundali

    ReplyDelete
  72. When the Sun is aspected secondly by Saturn and the third factor i.e. the Moon is considered, the chances of getting a Government job are greatly increased.

    govt job prediction by date of birth

    ReplyDelete
  73. In order to woo her, one has to get the celestial bodies and their arrangement in place to achieve one’s ambitions and desires in life. The Horoscope of needs to aid one in one’s aspirations.

    will i get government job in future

    ReplyDelete
  74. We are the best online astrology portal providing astrology consultation from best astrologer in India. We are Providing astrology consultation in 11 different languages at best price in India.
    Talk To Astrologer

    ReplyDelete
  75. Finally, It's Weekend! Do not waste your precious time on the bed. Talk to astrologer Online and best solution to your problems. Get Online Astrology consultation from best online astrologer in India at the best price.

    ReplyDelete
  76. Online Astrologer - Wake up! It’s a brand new day. Another day to work towards your aim. Wondering how productive your day is going to be? Consult an astrologer to get your daily analysis. Our online astrologer is waiting to serve you his/her best online astrology advice for your problems.

    ReplyDelete
  77. My bank account and heart got a lot in common they both broke. Your stock market strategy did not work out? Talk to an astrologer to get best <a href="https://www.astroswamig.com/article/free-astrology-consultation-on-phone-3129>free astrology consultation</a>about stock market predictions.

    ReplyDelete
  78. Online Astrology Consultation - You know what the good news is? See how your weekend goes by consulting an online astrologer for astrology consultation.

    ReplyDelete
  79. Few days left to go to end 2019 and if you are feeling no great achievements yet? Talk to astrologer for free at Astroswamig and get the right directions for your future and remove all strees from your mind. Best online astrologers in India at best price only at Astroswamig.com

    ReplyDelete
  80. Check the balance of your Walmart gift card online, over the phone or at any of their 11,650+ stores. The 16-digit gift card number and 4-digit PIN code are located on the back of the card and are required to verify the balance.
    CHECK WALMART GIFT CARD is a discount gift card website that you can use to buy gift cards for self use or to send as a gift. Order
    Walmart Gift Card Balance | Check Walmart Gift Card Balance | Refund Walmart Gift Card
    Check walmart giftcard balance
    refund walmart giftcard
    refund walmart giftcard balance
    activate walmart gift card
    register walmart giftcard

    ReplyDelete
  81. The post seems to offer some valuable historical information on the city of Chandigarh. I have been to the city of Chandigarh during my school days. Le Corbusier has done commendable work in the past. My friend suggested consulting Dr. Balamurali when I asked for recommendations on the popular Neurosurgeon in Chennai

    ReplyDelete
  82. Really very good post about Chandigarh. I love Chandigarh.

    ReplyDelete
  83. RoyalLogics Services is the best Web Designing Company in Chandigarh. We have expert designers and developers in Chandigarh to build ...best website...Web Design creates a personalized look to show your customers who you are...

    ReplyDelete
  84. i would like to thanks admin for this post,such a amazing post https://www.astroyogi.com/astrologer/india/delhi

    ReplyDelete
  85. https://www.astroyogi.com/astrologer/india/bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  86. I really tell you on thing you did excellent depth research on this article. I would suggest to another article for Best Doctor For Lower Back Pain In Chennai.

    ReplyDelete
  87. We know Astrologer is the scholar who has knowledge about all the Hindu texts and philosophy. Sometimes it is also known as priest. Famous Pandit R.K. Shastri JI is an astrologer who has the knowledge about Indian Vedic astrology and also about western astrology. He is the one who use his astrological remedies to come out from troubles. Being a famous Pandit he has helped many people to take many decisions about their life by consulting him. He is the best in making horoscopes. Those who come to him he reads their horoscope and after that suggests them remedies to come out from troubles. He has the knowledge about how planets are affecting our lives.

    https://www.thegreatastrologer.com/

    ReplyDelete
  88. If you want to teach your kids with apps and online activities you have to check out this. The Learning Apps

    ReplyDelete
  89. thanks for this useful post, meet Dr. Sundeep Kochar astrologer in India for best astrology

    ReplyDelete
  90. Looking for Laddu Gopal dresses, Navratri gift for kanya puja, kanjak gift, pooja samagri? If Yes, then you should visit Upasak.com here you can get
    Puja Samagri
    Pooja samagri
    Laddu Gopal dresses
    Diwali gifts for corporates

    ReplyDelete
  91. Thanks for this useful blog you can visit tuliptales.com if you want to buy USB Heated Jacket for winter (Long Sleeves).This jacket is anti water slashing and washable.

    ReplyDelete
  92. Thanks for the useful post, Want To Know Your Future, People trust on Sai Balaji Anugraha
    Top Astrologer In Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  93. Hi,
    Thank you for a very interesting article. I greatly appreciate the time you take to do all the research to put together your posts. I especially enjoyed this one!!

    Interior design Company in Delhi
    Architecture firms in Delhi
    Architecture & Interior Designing Services

    ReplyDelete
  94. Meet Dr. Sundeep Kochar, One of the Most Trusted Astrologer. You can approach him for Astrology, Vastu Consultant, Motivational Speaker, Life Coach, Actor, Anchor, Author & Awarded as “The Most Trusted Astrologer of India”.

    ReplyDelete
  95. Such detailed vauable information. Thank you

    ReplyDelete
  96. After the chaos that was 2020, it is no wonder that every Zodiac sign is on a quest to find its way to true and long-lasting happiness. What better way to find it than to engage in mood-boosting activities?

    Check out EFFECTIVE tips and tricks on how each Zodiac sign can BOOST their mood!

    ReplyDelete
  97. After the chaos that was 2020, it is no wonder that every Zodiac sign is on a quest to find its way to true and long-lasting happiness. What better way to find it than to engage in mood-boosting activities?

    Check out EFFECTIVE tips and tricks on how each Zodiac sign can BOOST their mood!

    ReplyDelete
  98. A big thanks to Dr Oselumen i never believe that there still exist a real death spell caster after all this years of disappointment from the enormous spammers on the Internet who go about scamming people, until i was opportune to meet Dr Oselumen a real spell caster, through a close friend called Jennifer who Dr oselumen had helped before, when i contacted him with his email via droselumen@gmail.com i explain how my ex have been giving me problem in my marriage, she never allowed me a moment of peace, and i need to end it by killing her, and i don't want to make use of assassin because it will be risky so i needed to do it in a spiritual way that's why i decided to contact him, he assured me not to worry as i have contacted the right person at the right time, i co-operated with him and in less than a week my ex was dead, she slept and never woke up all thanks to Dr Oselumen indeed he's really a humble man. you can contact dr oselumen for any death spell, such as to kill your superior in the office and take his or her place, death spell to kill your father and inherit his wealth ,death spell to kill anyone who have scammed you in the past ,spell for increase in salaries, spell for promotion at the office, spell to get your ex lover back, if things is not working well in your life then you need to contact him nowvia Email droselumen@gmail.com call or add him on whatsapp +2348054265852

    ReplyDelete
  99. Well researched article. Very insighful! Visit my website dineshgahlot

    ReplyDelete
  100. Astrologer Pandit Vivek Ji is one of the Top Indian Astrologer in Melbourne, Australia. He is a well-known astrologer who will make your life free from tensions. Many people believe in astrology. Most of them will take decisions by consulting famous astrologers. Pandit Vivek Ji knows the ins and outs about the different services of astrology some of them include such as Vedic, Love Issues, Black Magic Removal, Get Your Ex Love Back, Vashikaran, Marriage Problems, Business problems, Future Predictions, and Career Predictions.

    Top Indian Astrologer in Melbourne


    ReplyDelete
  101. Our the purpose is to share the reviews about the latest Jackets,Coats and Vests also shre the related Movies,Gaming, Casual,Faux Leather and Leather materials available Tunnel Snakes Leather Jacket

    ReplyDelete
  102. soar360 the best digital marketing agency in melbourne.

    ReplyDelete
  103. Sunlight manufacturers the best
    corrugated box making machine manufacturers. our main focus is to provide 100% customer satisfaction.

    ReplyDelete
  104. Thanks for sharing such a great article with us. This surely helps me in my work.Thanks a lot
    If you require any information regarding Subsidiary Company Registration in India and Foreign Company Registration in India then plz click on it.

    ReplyDelete
  105. I like the way you express information to us. Thanks for such post and please keep it up. Black Parade Jacket

    ReplyDelete
  106. Hey buddy, I must say you have written a great article. The way you have described everything is phenomenal. Thanks for sharing it. If you have time, please visit my site :

    사설토토
    카지노사이트
    파워볼

    ReplyDelete
  107. Hello! I just wish to give you a big thumbs up for the great information you have got right here on this post.

    스포츠토토
    안전놀이터
    토토사이트

    ReplyDelete
  108. This info is invaluable. How can I find out more? But if you are looking for online casino's and sports betting online i recommend you to check this link out And be part of our community:


    스포츠토토
    카지노사이트
    파워볼게임
    바카라

    ReplyDelete
  109. Good astrologycal post for love problem solutions,thank you for sharing with us.
    For sofa repair work contact thesofastore gives
    Sofa Refurbishing in New Thippasandra

    ReplyDelete
  110. Thanks for sharing this information and keep posting.
    Visit here
    Best Astrologer in Bidar

    ReplyDelete
  111. I really appreciate the kind of topics you post here. Thanks for sharing us a great information that is actually helpful. Alyssa Jacket End of The World

    ReplyDelete
  112. I’m more than happy to discover this website. I wanted to thank you for your time for this particularly wonderful read!!
    I definitely loved every little bit of it and i also have you bookmarked to look at
    new information in your site. lakers jacket starter

    ReplyDelete
  113. Thanks Nidhi for sharing your response. I am glad it helped you.
    https://www.mahendraastrologer.com/vashikaran-specialist-in-australia

    ReplyDelete
  114. On Vasant Panchami , AstroVed will perform a unique suite of services inclusive of a Group Fire Lab to invoke the Trifold Blessings of the Supreme Archetypes of knowledge, wisdom, and intelligence.

    ReplyDelete
  115. https://gameeffect.xyz A lot of people have adored the overall game of baseball for many years. There are supporters worldwide, from dedicated tiny-leaguers to pass away-challenging spectators. This information has tips to show how satisfying baseball happens to be.

    ReplyDelete
  116. https://gamebegin.xyz It is possible to process on your own. A pitching unit allows you to establish the pace of the ball. By reloading many baseballs in the unit, it is possible to exercise reaching without having a pitcher. This electronic digital machine is perfect for individuals who want to exercise baseball on your own. Pitching devices may be acquired at your community athletic goods retailer.

    ReplyDelete
  117. https://gamezoom.xyz Obtaining a work out lover can substantially improve your muscle-developing results. Your partner could be a useful source of enthusiasm for sticking to your regular workout period, and forcing one to optimize your endeavours while you figure out. Using a trustworthy partner to work through with can also help keep you risk-free since you will usually possess a spotter.

    ReplyDelete
  118. https://gameboot.xyz You can see them on publications as well as on TV, men and women who seem like their arms and legs will explode as his or her muscles are so big! There is not any need to have that you can take your system to that particular level if you don't prefer to, because the simple tactics in this post will assist you to develop muscle within a healthy method.

    ReplyDelete
  119. Thank you for some other informative blog. Where else could I get that type of information written in such an ideal means? I have a mission that I’m just now working on, and I have been at the look out for such information. Feel free to visit my website;
    야설

    ReplyDelete
  120. You must continue your writing. I am confident, you have a great readers’ base already! Feel free to visit my website;
    한국야동

    ReplyDelete
  121. It will always be exciting to read articles from other authors and practice something from their websites. Feel free to visit my website; 국산야동

    ReplyDelete
  122. Thank you for providing this vital information on your website. I'd want to express my gratitude for the efforts you put in to create this fantastic article. Cruella Coat

    ReplyDelete
  123. Sai Darpan one of the renowned astrologers in Bangalore located in Indiranagar provides simple solutions to all your problems regarding Horoscope reading or Horoscope Matching for Marriage, property disputes, marriage-related issues, numerology, and many other solutions. he is the Best Astrologer in Bangalore. He is an expert in supporting his clients in times of their needs by showing them the right path and guiding them. He Provides the best solution for all Astro-related problems, that you are facing in your daily life.

    astrologers in Bangalore

    ReplyDelete
  124. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  125. Thank you for sharing this!
    Best Web Designer In Chandigarh Robtechworld- provides a wide array of website design services for small as well as large enterprises. Our team of proficient website developers uses the latest technologies and proven strategies to create user-engaging business websites & dynamic web applications and also promote them to enhance customer reach.

    ReplyDelete
  126. Actually, I am happy to see your article, There are very informative and unique type article.
    Thanks For Sharing

    ReplyDelete
  127. This blog is very nice and helpful !
    Web design Agency Melbourne :
    Flexbox Digital is among one of the most top notch Website design & development companies in Melbourne, Australia Established in 2016. We specialize in making custom web applications for different It industry, sectors or verticals. We provide attractive Website design, Responsive web development, Mobile App Development, and Digital Marketing services that will turn your website into a powerful channel and generate leads for your successful business.

    ReplyDelete
  128. If you are looking for a blend of personal service and expertise of Chartered Accountant in Chandigarh(India), you have come to the right place! We offer a broad range of services for Income Tax Return, Audit, Finance, Business Consultancy.

    ReplyDelete
  129. Very informative and interesting post. I really gain lots information from this post. Sulata Chatterjee is an exceptional name in Tarot Card reading and Vedic Astrology in India. Having 10+ Year Experience in Tarot card and Astrology, made her 5K Global Client base & popularity in Cities like Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, USA, UK Africa, etc.

    Visit: https://sulatastarot.com/

    ReplyDelete
  130. A very nice guide. I will definitely follow these tips. Thank you for sharing such detailed article. Visit my website to get best Information About Interior Designers in Delhi.
    Interior Designers in Delhi
    Home Interior Decorators in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  131. This is just the information I’m finding anyplace. Thank you for your site, I simply subscribe your blog. This is a nice blog.
    Web Design Company in Brisbane
    Web Development Company in Brisbane

    ReplyDelete
  132. Web Design Melbourne- Latenight Coder is a Melbourne web design company offering unique and affordable web design, development and eCommerce website design solutions in Melbourne. Contact us for a complete web design solution. Website Development Company in Melbourne

    ReplyDelete
  133. very nice blog ! in this blog all details of chandigarh present in this blog . if u want best care taker services in tricity- chandigarh,panchkula and mohali and near by gel click on this link


    Best eldercare services in panchkula

    ReplyDelete
  134. Very well written article. It was an awesome article to read. Complete rich content and fully informative. I totally Loved it

    Web Development Melbourne
    Web Design Melbourne
    Mobile App Development Melbourne

    ReplyDelete
  135. Indeed thanks for providing necessary information. I really appreciate to u, all are such a good information. Thanks.
    Eldercare services in mohali

    ReplyDelete
  136. Hi,

    Thank you for a very interesting article. I greatly appreciate the time you take to do all the research to put together your posts. I especially enjoyed this one!!

    Modular Kitchen in Delhi NCR
    Modular Wardrobe in Delhi
    livingroom interior in delhi

    ReplyDelete
  137. The wonderful post i have ever seen on your blog i was looking for this kind of nice article went to various blog, but never got a information like this. i understand how hard you wroked in order to write this blog i bookmarked your website to visit again ahead. I also do blogging related to various things you may want to read links are given below.
    SMTP Server For Bulk Email Sending
    Best SMTP Service

    ReplyDelete
  138. The wonderful post i have ever seen on your blog i was looking for this kind of nice article went to various blog, but never got a information like this. i understand how hard you wroked in order to write this blog i bookmarked your website to visit again ahead. I also do blogging related to various things you may want to read links are given below.
    SMTP Relay Services
    Email Relay Services

    ReplyDelete
  139. Great post, very informative. I know how much hardwork it needs. i am bookmarkting your website so i can visit again. I do blogging as well , i am sure you will love it, link is given below.
    Bulk email service provider

    ReplyDelete
  140. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  141. i like your blog writing so much and i m impressed to your writing skills and knowledge. your was so much inspiring and I also write blogs to
    to check my blogs please visit:Bulk email service Bulk email marketing services

    ReplyDelete
  142. Great post, very informative. I know how much hardwork it needs. i am bookmarkting your website so i can visit again. I do blogging as well , i am sure you will love it, link is given below.
    Email marketing reseller plan

    ReplyDelete
  143. Great post, very informative. I know how much hardwork it needs. i am bookmarkting your website so i can visit again. I do blogging as well , i am sure you will love it, link is given below.
    email marketing services India

    ReplyDelete
  144. With a very thorough explanation of the problems, everything is very transparent. The information was very useful. I really appreciate your website. voot in usa if like to watch voot in USA then you have to understand its process click on this link for more great information

    ReplyDelete
  145. I read this post your post so nice and very informative post thanks for sharing this post
    brain surgeon in delhi

    ReplyDelete
  146. I found the best article on this website, It is a city with lots of broad streets, parks, and modern buildings. Le Corbusier only completed one urban project, which was at Chandigarh. I love this city and it's a very clean city. and your article is superb, I fully read this article is very impressive to me. most of the important blogs. I will share this post with my friends.

    ReplyDelete
  147. very interesting, good job and thanks for sharing such a good blog.
    Hair Transplantation Centre in Gurgaon

    ReplyDelete
  148. Kamal Gatta Seed is an integral part of Hindu Puja rituals. The seed is believed to possess positive energy and bring good luck, health and prosperity to the worshipper. It's a tradition of offering kamal gatta during puja and havan (sacred fire ritual) in Hindu homes.

    The seed has been associated with Goddess Lakshmi since ancient times, who is known for bringing wealth and prosperity. Kamal Gatta represents perfect fortune for all Hindus; it’s also used in many ceremonies like marriage, Grah pravesh (housewarming ceremony), etc. During the puja, kamal gatta is offered in combination with other items such as rice, flowers, incense sticks, sindoor (vermillion powder), durva grass etc. Buy

    ReplyDelete
  149. Thanks for sharing valuable thought & love to hear more from you!

    top toy shop in Chandigarh

    ReplyDelete
  150. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  151. This article is a great read! It's informative, well-researched, and provides valuable insights on the topic. The writing is clear and engaging, making it easy to follow along. Thanks for sharing this informative piece - I learned a lot and look forward to reading more from you

    ReplyDelete
  152. This is a fantastic blog post. This website is fantastic. In the future, blogs will be added.
    Your blog is very helpful.
    killer for hire

    ReplyDelete
  153. Rob Tech World is #1 Web designing company in Panchkula. We offer creative web designs and bespoke web development services in Panchkula for businesses.

    ReplyDelete
  154. Your blogs are so informative and up-to-the-minute. I love to read them in my free time. Black Friday deals

    ReplyDelete
  155. According to a book, Chandigarh is a famous tourist destination for a variety of reasons. It is well-known for not only its well-planned architecture, but also for its cleanliness and vegetation.
    Business Listings

    ReplyDelete
  156. Highly recommend their architectural services in Delhi! They understand the local context, delivering designs that stand out in the city's dynamic landscape. Architectural Services in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  157. Good contribution to the blog, it helped me in my work.

    ReplyDelete